What Implicit Bias Means and How It Affects Behavior

What Implicit Bias Means and How It Affects Behavior A certain predisposition is any unwittingly held arrangement of affiliations aboutâ a social gathering. Certain inclinations canâ result in the attribution of specific characteristics to all people from that gathering, otherwise called generalizing. Verifiable predispositions are the result of educated affiliations and social molding. They oftenâ begin at a youthful age, and a great many people are uninformed that they hold them. Significantly, these inclinations don't really line up with individual character. Its conceivable to unknowingly relate positive or negativeâ traits with one’s own race, sexual orientation, or foundation. The Implicit Association Test Social analysts Mahzarin Banaji and Tony Greenwald first begat the term understood predisposition during the 1990s. In 1995, they distributed their hypothesis of certain social discernment, which affirmed thatâ individuals social conduct and predispositions are to a great extent identified with oblivious, or verifiable, decisions. The term developed in prominence in 1998, when Banaji and Greenwald built up the notable Implicit Association Test (IAT) to affirm their theory. The IAT test evaluated the quality of oblivious inclinations through a PC program. Subjects were approached to watch a screen that showed aâ series of appearances from changed racial foundations and a progression of positive and negative words. Specialists advised the subjects to tap on the positive words when they saw a face from racial foundation X, and the negative words when they saw a face from racial foundation Y. At that point, they switched the affiliation and had subjects rehash the process.â The scientists contended that clicking all the more immediately implied that the subject had a more prominent oblivious affiliation. As it were, rapidly clicking upbeat when seeing a specific face implied that the individual had a nearby oblivious relationship between the positive characteristic and the race. A more slow snap time implies that the individual had more trouble connecting that the positive attribute with the race. After some time, the IAT has been recreated effectively in various resulting preliminaries, exhibiting its adequacy in demonstrating verifiable inclination. Notwithstanding racial predisposition, the test has likewise been utilized effectively to survey understood inclination identified with sex and sexual direction. Impacts of Implicit Bias Holding an understood predisposition towards a specific social gathering can decide how you treat a person from that group. Implicit inclinations influence human behaviorâ throughout society, remembering for study halls, work environments, and the lawful framework. Impacts in the Classroom Verifiable biasâ affects how educators treat understudies in the study hall. Examination directed by the Yale Child Study Center found that dark kids, especially dark young men, are bound to be ousted and suspended from preschool for testing conduct than white kids. The examination likewise found that, when prepared to search for such testing conduct, educators would in general take a gander at dark youngsters, especially young men. The outcomes proposed that certain racial predisposition influences instructive access and accomplishment in the study hall. Certain inclination brings about an impact called generalization danger, which happens whenâ an individual disguises negative generalizations about a gathering to which they have a place. Analysts showed this impact through a state sanctioned test study. High contrast understudies with comparable SAT scores were allowed a 30-minute school level government sanctioned test. Half of the understudies were informed that the test estimated insight, while the other gathering was informed that the test was a critical thinking movement that didn't compare to capacity. In the main gathering, dark understudies performed less well than their white friends; in the subsequent gathering, dark understudies execution was equivalent to that of their white companions. The analysts reasoned that the primary gathering had been influenced by generalization danger when the specialists expressed that the test estimated insight. Comparative outcomes have additionally been discovered when looking at female a nd male execution on math tests. Impacts in the Workplace Albeit unequivocal types of working environment separation are prohibited in most created nations, verifiable predisposition assumes a huge job in the expert world. Studies have indicated that indistinguishable resumesâ receive an alternate number of callbacks relying upon the name at the highest point of the archive. Over all businesses, resumes with a name usually connected with dark people got less callbacks than those with names related with white individuals. Comparable certain predisposition has additionally been appeared corresponding to sexual orientation and age. Impacts in the Legal System Certain predisposition significantly affects the legitimate framework. Proof proposes that dark respondents are bound to be dealt with cruelly in the court than white litigants. Investigators are bound to charge dark respondents and less inclined to offer them supplication deals. Request deals offered to white litigants will in general be more liberal than those offered to dark or Latino respondents. Besides, juries are bound to display inclination against litigants of a race not quite the same as the racial foundation of most of the jury. IAT tests have indicated certain relationship between the words dark and liable. Understood Bias versus Bigotry Understood predisposition and prejudice are connected ideas, yet they don't have a similar significance. Certain predisposition is an unwittingly held arrangement of relationship about a specific gathering. Bigotry is partiality against people from a particular racial gathering and can be either unequivocal or understood. Verifiable inclination can prompt certainly bigot conduct, similar to when an educator disciplines dark youngsters more cruelly than white kids, however numerous people harbor understood predispositions while never showing obvious prejudice. By getting mindful of our own verifiable inclinations and effectively opposing them, we can abstain from propagating destructive bigot generalizations and prejudices.â Sources Anselmi, Pasquale, et al. â€Å"Implicit Sexual Attitude of Heterosexual, Gay and Bisexual Individuals: Disentangling the Contribution of Specific Associations to the Overall Measure.† PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078990.Correll, Shelley, and Stephen Benard. â€Å"Gender and Racial Bias in Hiring.† Penn Office of the Provost, University of Pennsylvania, 21 Mar. 2006, provost.upenn.edu/transfers/media_items/sex racial-bias.original.pdf.Greenwald, Anthony G, et al. â€Å"Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test.† Journal of Personality and Soclal Psychology, vol. 74, no. 6, 1998, pp. 1464â€1480., faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_McGh_Schw_JPSP_1998.OCR.pdf.â€Å"How The Concept Of Implicit Bias Came Into Being.† NPR, National Public Radio, Inc., 17 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/2016/10/17/498219482/how-the-idea of-certain inclination came-into-being.Kang, Jerry Bennett, Mark Carbado, D evon Casey, Pamela Dasgupta, Nilanjana Faigman, David D. Godsil, Rachel G. Greenwald, Anthony Levinson, Justin Mnookin, Jennifer.. â€Å"Implicit Bias in the Courtroom.† UCLA Law Review, vol 59, no. 5, February 2012, pp. 1124-1186. ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/distribution/256016531_Implicit_Bias_in_the_Courtroom Payne, Keith. â€Å"How to Think about ‘Implicit Bias.’† Scientific American, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 27 Mar. 2018, www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-consider verifiable predisposition/.â€Å"Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap.† American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 15 July 2006, www.apa.org/research/activity/stereotype.aspx.White, Michael J., and Gwendolen B. White. â€Å"Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes.† Sex Roles, vol. 55, no. 3-4, Aug. 2006, pp. 259â€266., doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9078-z.Wittenbrink, Bernd, et al. â€Å"Evidence for Racial Prejudice at the Implicit Level and Its Relationship with Questionnaire Measures.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 262â€274. PsychInfo, American Psychological Association, psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262.Young, Yolanda. â€Å"Teachers Implicit Bias against Bla ck Students Starts in Preschool, Study Finds.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 Oct. 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/dark understudies instructors understood racial-inclination preschool-study. Watchman Media Group

Analysis of Saudi Arabias Restaurant Industry

Examination of Saudi Arabias Restaurant Industry Presentation: In this paper we will talk about the café Industry in Saudi Arabia which is becoming quicker than anyplace else in the locale; it is developing at a pace that is surpassing its framework wwith distinctive scope of costs and classes, beginning structure as low as $1.00 USD and going up to $75.00 USD if youre into extravagant restaurantsâ [1]â . The eatery business is extremely jumpers and enormous including: bistros/bars, full-administration cafés, inexpensive food, home conveyance and road slows down, a wide range of eateries have a wide scope of food specialization from ethnic, global, and neighborhood. There are additionally three fundamental kinds of financial specialists: autonomous proprietors, worldwide establishment, and neighborhood café networks. An eatery network is a lot of related cafés, ordinarily with a similar name in various areas either under shared corporate proprietorship for example Al-Baik and Herfy. Regularly, the cafés inside a chain are worked to a standard organization and offer a standard menu. An establishment is a privilege conceded to an individual or gathering to advertise a companys products or administrations inside a specific region or area. A few instances of todays mainstream establishments in Saudi Arabia are McDonalds, Subway, and Dominos Pizza. So as to break down the appeal of the eatery Industry in Saudi Arabia we will utilize three distinctive systematic devices, Porter five powers, appraisal of the full scale showcase condition known as (PESTLE Analysis), and SWOT investigation. In view of our examination we will offer a counsel to any new firm considering entering the café business in Saudi Arabia. PESTLE Analysis The impact of the Saudi governmental issues on the café business Saudi Arabia is administered by the group of Al Saud who since the foundation of their realm pronounced that it is controlled by the Islamic law. The Al Saud family additionally asserted that they are focused on supporting the monetary development and be a piece of the created countries. This objective is trying to accomplish in light of the fact that fundamentalist Muslims reject the possibility of globalization, this lay a moderate political hazard on the system. Then again, this political circumstance influences the café business emphatically in light of the fact that the eatery business remains the major uncontested strategy for amusement among Saudis. Especially, by law, all eateries are required to have single-guys segment isolated from the family segment to hold fast to the convention and strict necessities. In addition, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is seen as the pioneer of the Muslim world, since it is the old neighborhood of Makah; which Muslims from everywhere throughout the world must visit in any event once in their life time to finish the fifth mainstay of their religion. This makes Saudi Arabia experiences a strain in its global connections chiefly after the occasion of 911 in light of the fact that a portion of the western nations are considering the realm in part liable for 9/11. This political circumstance is one of the fundamental quality of the café business in Saudi; without any films or night clubs, eating out turns into the primary wellspring of diversion for the greater part of the populace. There is a craving for new cafés that surpasses some other district in the worldâ [2]â . The impact of the Saudi law and Regulation on the café business The ongoing leader of the Saudi Arabia, lord Abdullah, is regarded inside and globally for his endeavors to battle psychological oppression and his huge measure of open spending on change plans have pushed the nation to overcomeâ [3]â most of its financial hindrances. The realms significant advance toward change was the application for enrollment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and rolling out steady legitimate improvements to meet with its necessities, yet at the same time there is question from the Privet areas toward the administration, on account of the superfluous bureaucratic practices and unseemly guidelines that are viewed as difficult for the serious market. A few zones are over managed while others are under directed. It takes just about a half year to enlist an organization, and the organization must give a proof that it has generous entirety of cash to contribute, at least $10,000. In any case, the administrative changes made lately seem to have been of most recipients to those Saudi organizations which are trying to grow through partnerships with outside investorsâ [4]â . In any case, the law requires remote financial specialists to have a Saudi accomplice and the Saudi accomplice, individual or organization, will have most of power over the business. Over all, the legitimate procedure is extremely mind boggling and monetarily unsafe whether you are starting a private venture or a significant undertaking. The administration ought to change these procedures to energize outside ventures. The impacts of Saudi monetary on the eatery business The Kingdom is encountering quickened development because of ongoing oil value spikes. The constructive outcome has been an ascent in per capita GDP from around $8100 (1999) to $9575, or 18%, by 2005. Consolidate this with the way that the Kingdom has one of the universes quickest developing populaces (3.5% every year) and you are confronted with a growing business sector with great discretionary cashflow levels. Air conditioning Nielsen explore reports that the Saudi economy is relied upon to develop 8.7% this year, essentially fuelled by the high oil costs just as solid private division growth [5] Saudi remains the biggest market in the whole Gulf. Many view Dubai as the grandstand however Saudi ends up being the business room and money generator. Because of actuality that Saudi Arabia is an underdeveloped nation, it relies upon imported products and innovation, the administration responsibilities to the financial extension makes openings for work for proficient prepared outsiders and rely upon them to satisfy the countrys eager advancement techniques. As indicated by HSBC Bank Saudi Arabia is named the second in the abundance of expert prepared outsiders. Saudi Arabia is positioned twenty two among different nations in the travel industry segment. Additionally, Saudi Arabia has more than 5,000,000 travelers yearly from everywhere throughout the world desiring Hajj and Ummrah. Hajj is one of the five mainstays of Islam which all Muslims must perform at any rate once in their life time. The café business is one of the significant Beneficiaries from such bit of leeway. Consequently, the administration has been effectively considering to grow what is accepted to be billions of dollars worth of salary in the travel industry division by pulling in worldwide voyagers to the Kingdoms memorable locales, in the mid-2008, a bundle of new loosened up visa rules were discharged permitting numerous gatherings from Europe to visit the Kingdom with a gathering visitor visa, which years before was incomprehensible. This strategy has made another fragment for the Saudi café industry. Additionally, the enormous number of outsiders, coming as laborers or as traveler and pioneers, with their ethnic foundation are viewed as the spine for the café business. The impact the social qualities on the café business Custom and religion urge Muslims to be friendly and amiable. Welcoming visitors and companions to feast in their house is the standard in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia Segregation between inverse sexual orientation exist in many divisions of open eservices, schools, colleges, banks, this isolation opened openings for work for enormous number of Saudi females. Over the most recent couple of years it got simpler to engage visitors and family to an eatery for the bustling working females or even have the café food and staff to engage them at home. Eating out turned into a propensity among every single social class in the Kingdom with the absence of other amusement scenes because of strict issues. In this way the pattern of eating out is continually developing among them.â [6]â This social trademark will have a sprouting and thriving impact on the eatery business in Saudi Arabia where the primary diversion is going out café. Maybe the most articulated component of the demography is its young populace where more the 59% are under 24 years old. What's more, some portion of the Saudi government or change is to build up its workforce; to accomplish this objective the administration sends more than one hundred thousand youthful understudies to scrutinize their advanced education in exceptionally created nations consistently. These enormous quantities of youngsters live abroad for just about five to seven years returns with food and eatery loves that they embraced during their scholarship. [7] This opened the entryway generally for worldwide establishment in Saudi Arabia Some of the establishments that are at present in Saudi Arabia, McDonalds, Hardees, Burger King, Popeye, Chilies, TGI, Fuddruckers, Pizza Hut among numerous others and are well known among this youthful populace alongside outside workforce, vacationer, and travelers. The impact of innovation and the earth of the eatery business The remainder of the two large scale showcasing condition powers are the mechanical and the ecological: In Saudi Arabia Technology in the eatery business isn't restricted to essential kitchen apparatuses and devices. Be that as it may, one may not expect some perplexing supplies are utilized in the café business. Numerous cafés are guiding the path concerning charge card handling and retail location advances, acquainting new ways with serve their clients and increment the general accommodation of the feasting experience. Obviously, eateries chains and establishment are the principle advocates of this improvement in communicationâ [8]â In Saudi Arabia there is no huge mindfulness from the legislature or the majority of the populace to the natural issues. All the cafés that utilizations reuse paper or environmentally friendly power vitality are generally worldwide establishment applying their Owen corporate strategy as a component of their obligation Doormen 5 Forces Analysis Danger of New Entrants. The eatery business is the simplest to enter fundamentally any individual who can cook, with the limit top

How to Write a Good College Admissions Essay About Yourself TKG

How to Write a Good College Admissions Essay About Yourself For most students, the college essay is the first time in high school when they are instructed to write about themselves. High school is full of writing. There are history papers, book reports, science lab summaries, and news items for the school newspaper, but, unless your school offers a creative writing program, there often isn’t a time when you’re handed a blank slate and asked to lay a part of yourself bare. Vulnerability isn’t something you can just switch on, good personal writing doesn’t come automatically, and writing about yourself can be very uncomfortable.When people are uncomfortable, they tend to go one of two ways. They either clam up, or they start spewing word vomit. We have definitely seen (and helped fix) both, and they are totally understandable.When someone clams up, they tend to try to write about something other than themselves. They really don’t want to seem like they are bragging, so instead, they try completely changing the subject. Now, you might be able to write a totally killer essay about your grandparents, but writing about your grandparents actually doesn’t serve the purpose of the college essay. Same goes for writing about an inanimate object, like the tree outside your window and the history of birch trees in America. It might be totally fascinating, but that doesn’t mean that it works as a college essay.On the other side of the spectrum are the spewers. These are the people who are so overwhelmed by the idea of trying to write something about themselves that they proceed to try to tell their entire life story in 650 words. If you are 17 years old, that’s 38 words per year. That’s less than this paragraph so far, by half, per 365 days of your life. You could be the second coming of Hemingway, a king of short sentences, and that would still be an absurd endeavor that leaves the reader with whiplash and without a real understanding of who you are.Where does this leave us? Somewhere in the middle. The good part o f the clammer (ha, that’s ridiculous but we’re going with it) strategy is that they tend to focus in on a singular thing, normally a noun, and really dig into it. The good part of the spewer strategy is that they want to share, they’re just over sharing. So, writing a good college admissions essay about yourself (which is what every college admissions essay should be about) means combining the good parts we just pulled out of each of these impulses.Think Small Zoom in on a particular moment, experience, or thing that means a lot to you or that shaped you into who you are today. This doesn’t need to be some big grandiose moment of ultimate success that taught you what it means to live. In fact, it probably shouldn’t be. Maybe you write about how you make the pumpkin pie every year for Thanksgiving using a recipe that was passed from your grandmother to your mom and then to you. You could write a moment when things didn’t work out perfectly, like when you didn’t make the varsity soccer team despite being certain that you would. Or you could write about tennis and the precise ballet that is a successful doubles match. The point is, pick something specific that matters deeply to you and that will show admissions officers a side of you they won’t get to see anywhere else in your application.Tell a StoryEven with the most compelling topic, you still need to build a narrative. We talk about this incessantly, but we do so because it’s important. Your essay should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and it should take the reader along on that journey with you.Use Your VoiceWriting in high school tends to be centered around sounding as smart as you can. There’s nothing wrong with sounding smart. In fact, we quite like sounding smart ourselves. But a fixation on sounding intelligent can erase a key piece of the essay - that it sounds like you. Finding your voice as a writer can be difficult, especially when you’ve been trained to write academica lly, so we encourage students to start journaling or free-writing (writing whatever comes to mind without a set topic) for at least a few weeks before they have to write their essay. That way, you can learn how you like to write, and also learn a little bit about yourself in the process.Remember Who It’s About If you think small, tell a story, and use your voice, you shouldn’t have too much trouble staying on the topic of you. Still, if you go off topic don’t be afraid to redirect or even start over. Sometimes it takes some doubling back to get to where you should be.Writing about yourself is tough, but we’re really good at working with students to write stellar essays. If you’re struggling, we’d love to help you out.

Criticism Over the Welfare Programs - 555 Words

Welfare is a government system, which gives aid, financial and otherwise, to individuals and families based upon level of need. It is intended to help people get back on their feet, but it has been criticized for breeding dependency, along with other problems. Recipients feel that the system is degrading, and taxpayers feel that it is too expensive. Welfare is a failing system that has not only been unsuccessful in its goal of ending poverty, but has also created new issues for recipients and taxpayers alike. The â€Å"war on poverty† began half a century ago and in the past fifty years, five trillion dollars have gone towards ending it. Sadly, there is little to show for these efforts; poverty is still as prevalent of an issue today as it has ever been (â€Å"Poverty and Welfare 1). All fifty states are a part of the welfare program, but only two have successfully managed to raise families over the poverty line (Sawhill 1). Despite the improvement that the economy has seen over the last few years, enrollment in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program has increased by a whopping seventy percent (Saunders 1). Extensive research conducted by Drexel Universitys School of Public Health concluded that for most people, a month long supply of food stamps is only stretching about three weeks (Lubrano 1). According to a report written by Wisconsin Senator Paul Ryan, â€Å"Federal programs are not only failing to address the problem. They are in some ways making it worse,† (Wasson 1).Show MoreRelatedI Am Writing About The Social Welfare System Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesI am writing about the Social Welfare System. How a system that was created for the purpose of helping the needy, has now become a highway for people to abuse of it. This public policy program has come to be a very controversial subject on both sides of the political arena. 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Fdr s New Deal Program - 853 Words

The CCC under his New Deal program, prompted the young males of America the chance to work and bring in money for their graving families, who were suffering during the Depression. They were working outside all the time, so it would better their overall physical appearance, but also their mental health too. FDR used the CCC to get the young men of America to become manlier. This ties to Teddy Roosevelt’s propaganda about America needing to show off their manliness to the rest of the world. The CCC brought forth a rejuvenation of the all-around health of the participants of the camps. The outdoor work that the workers were put through help transform their figures. As the Secretary of Labor, she played a role in the conditions of the workers the New Deal programs. Also one of the big proprietors for the preservation of forest that FDR pushed was Guilford Pinchot. The Pennsylvania governor liked and advocated for what FDR was pushing for what the CCC camps intent was. 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The programs of the New Deal transformed the role of the government by the implication of numerous laws in order to stop the economy from getting any worse. The New Deal came with three new main themes: relief, recovery and reform. Roosevelt himself acknowledges the importance of them in his Address in 1934, â€Å"In theRead MoreThe New Deal : A Success At Tackling The American Economic And Social Problems During The 1930 S1226 Words   |  5 Pages1939, America was set with new government programs established by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Within Roosevelt’s first Hundred Days, he established a plan that would bring America out of crisis. This program was called, The New Deal, and had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. This goals, the 3 R’s were short-ran goals for relief and immediate recovery, as well as, long-term goals for permanent recovery and reform. 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Thesis: The New deals legislation has played a very integral part in helping recovery effort during the great depression because it led to a greater employment, and restored the security in the American economy. Although not perfect, the new deal success ultimately set the precedent for future progressive reform during timesRead MorePresident Roosevelt s New Deal971 Words   |  4 Pagesshort amount of time. The nation s economy was in turmoil and unemployment and poverty were at an all-time high and something had to be done to stop this economic free-fall. FDR and his political cabinet called the â€Å"Brain Trust† decided to take the Great Depression head on with a policy that included many reforms and an aggressive approach to unemployment. This policy would be known as the New Deal. The New Deals main goal was to help to end the Great Depression, FDR figured that the best way to do

A Christian View Of The Bible - 1255 Words

I believe in a Liberal- Evangelical view in terms of the authority of scripture. I am Evangelical in that I believe that the bible is infallible in all that is trying to affirm, and that the central narrative can be relatable, and inspiring to every person, and every people group around the world. This is because the Holy Spirit is involved in this process from both the compositional, and readability aspect. I am liberal in that I cannot affirm that the bible is the only written work of God. I can only affirm that is the only fully infallible written scriptural work. The issues of psuedonymity, the Synoptic Problem, Genesis 1-11, and the rewritten Bible have all been noticed as problematic areas for one’s hermeneutic. This paper will largely be a presentation of my hermeneutical implications through these issues. I do not believe the issue of psuedonymity to be a problematic area for what I believe in terms of the inspiration of scripture. The authors of these epistles can still be inspired even though they may not be apostles. They may have learned under an apostle, and may therefore be able to write using their name because they can respond in a way that the apostle himself would. Also, by writing as apostles, the credibility of these authors instantly becomes more authoritative to the first century audience. Lastly, these books went through the intensive canonization process that all of the new testament books went through, which is further proof of their inspiration.Show MoreRelatedThe Role of the Bible in Christian Faith and Practice - Case Study on Genesis 34.938 Words   |  4 PagesTo read the Bible for Christians is to interpret the Bible in their own contexts because myriad significant passages in the Bible could be diversely understood considering different cultures, languages, an d authors or readers behind the Text. 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Enhancing Maintenance Management Building -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Enhancing Maintenance Management Building? Answer: Introduction BIM is a process with a life cycle that has various actors and players including people, process, and technology. The people make decisions and generate inputs into the BIM process using various hardware and software tools. Process enables different actors to interact with BIM at different stages in the life cycle of a building, while technology enables important functions such as collaboration and exchange of ideas, in platforms such as cloud computing. Lean Construction is a concept that combines practical development and research in the design and construction field in which lean manufacturing practices and principles are adopted and used in the entire construction process life cycle (Xu, Ma and Ding, 2014). While manufacturing makes products, construction is a form of production based on projects. However, the two concepts of BIM and lean construction are a synergistic process psychology interacts to achieve objectives such as low cost, low wastage, and high quality construction. This section discusses the synergy between BIM elements of people, technology, and process, and lean construction critically, before making drawing conclusions (Enache-Pommer, Horman, Messner, Riley, 2010). The section starts by discussing the origins of the two concepts, before discussing the synergy between them Discussion: BIM and Lean Construction According to (Tauriainen, Marttinen, Dave, Koskela, 2016, p. 569), lean construction and BIM have existed as separate and independent entities for the past two decades. Both have origins traceable to academic studies; however, focus has shifted over time to practical and industrial application. At their inception and early stages, both the concepts had their own distinct networks of supporters and special interest groups and they were considered as having competing agendas (Bansal, 2015). In the past decade or so, practitioners attempting to implement both the concepts (lean construction and BIM) discovered that the two had considerable synergy. In its simplest definition, synergy refers to a whole that is greater and better than the sum of its components/ parts. The discovery that both lean construction and BIM, used together, could achieve even greater success in the built environment heralded the continued and increasing use of the two systems in a synergistic way. The two system s fit together like a nut and bolt, and together, achieve much more than each one applied separately (Clemente and Cachadinha, 2013). Linkages between BIM and Lean Construction BIM works on the principle that all processes and components in building structure are interconnected and interrelated; the materials used are related to their costs, the designs used have a direct relation to the frame and structural integrity of the building. The materials used are directly related to their manufacturer that also generates information about their quality, price, and usable lifespan (Sacks, Koskela, Dave, 2010). The materials and overall designs used impact the energy usage and sustainability of the building. The suppliers used have a direct relation to the expected lifespan of various facilities and equipment. A change in one of the elements affects some or all the other elements, for instance, changing the materials used in one section of the building changes its structural integrity, the suppliers, and the costs. As such, BIM is a process that generates a lot of data and information from inputs by various actors and systems, data and information that can be used to achieve lean construction principles (Lin et al., 2016). For instance, using BIM, materials can be sourced and be scheduled for delivery just when they are needed, while construction process simulations can help plan for construction in such a way that there are no additional costs associated with having to store materials until they are needed, or delaying works because materials are late in arriving. Further, because of interconnections between all elements in a building, using BIM ensures that costly reworks and materials wastage does not occur (Mah et al., 2011). There are four main linkages between Lean Construction and BIM, at least in an academic sense; first of all, BIM makes a direct contribution to lean principles. For example, BIM detects clashing ideas or components within a building structure and allows for such clashes between different principles of design to be eliminated (Bolpagni, Burdi, Ciribini, 2017). This detection and elimination of clashes results in reduced delays and re-works at the construction site. During the era where 2-D drawings were developed during design, inconsistencies in design became the single most significant causes of problems such as scope changes and re-works at construction sites (Mah et al., 2011). Therefore, through the use of BIM, reduces unnecessary problems and issues in building construction and management. Just by using BIM, lean construction is achieved without having to use or implement other lean construction principles. Secondly, lean methods and principles can be facilitated or supported t hrough the use of BIM. In this situation, the existing functionalities of BIM are systematically used to enable lean principles and procedures. For instance, the simulation of a construction sequence using a computer is used extensively as part of construction evaluation and collaborative site tasks planning. Further, views and illustrations derived from BIM can be utilized as tools for visual management; visual management is a pillar of lean construction. A common ground is then created between different actors in a design or construction process (Qi, 2016, p. 34). Third, BIM based tools and methods can be developed and utilized for the realization of lean objectives; the functionalities of BIM are augmented or extended in order to realize lean methods and principles in construction. At the heart of lean is rapid iterations; carbon footprint and cost calculation models obtain it directly from BIM models support the lean principle of rapid iteration. With the rapid evolution of mobile computing, have created new possibilities for BIM where information can be directly delivered to the work sections. Relevant parts of a building can now be viewed using a variety of software and this will enhance collaboration. Fourth, lean principles facilitate and enhance the introduction of BIM (Tauriainen, Marttinen, Dave, Koskela, 2016, p. 570). The emphasis on lean construction is predictability, collaboration, and discipline. All the benefits of BIM can be obtained from the features of lean construction because they are very suitable as tools that support t he introduction and implementation of BIM based principles and technologies, especially commercial solutions where pains and gains are shared; and organizational solutions that are created for the creation of a collaborative lean implementation environment. The four linkages have significant managerial implications for management in firms that participate in the projects and construction project management. Incremental preparation of the build model is done carefully, in a comprehensive and systematic manner to realize the benefits of both concepts. Further, lean construction should be implemented in parallel with BIM in order to realize the full benefits of the two concepts (Ahuja, Sawhney, Arif, 2017, p. 74). Lean Construction (LC) and BIM have several positive interactions; they lead to reduction in the variations to processes and cycle times, there is automation of some activities that are non-value adding, processes and products are increasingly being visualized, and they lead to increased collaboration. Further, the two enable advanced options for fabrication, rapid alternatives integration, and better capturing of value. The synergy between LC and BIM is not limited to just the design phase; it does extend to the entire construction life cycle of a building, especially with the advent of multi-dimensional BIM capabilities that include tie and cost (Hao, 2012, p. 52). The synergy between LC and BIM is most apparent during the design phase of the construction life cycle. The LC related priorities in concepts and design such as Set Based Design, target Value Design, Collaborative design, and Client Defined Value, among others, leverage the rapid generation of design alternatives and mul ti-trade coordination BIM capabilities extensively with few errors and mistakes. Other aspects of BIM that are leveraged include efficient constructability modeling, better design intent visualization, powerful simulation options, and advanced Pre-construction analyses. BIM use in supporting the goals of LC has been widening during the building construction phase. Multi-dimensional BIM is increasingly being integrated with existing information systems, such as ERP (enterprise resource planning), Virtual Reality, point cloud generations, and laser scanning (Vaux, 2016, p. 72). At present, last planner meetings benefit from BIM visualization, same as happens during stakeholder engagement and design briefs. Present BIM systems can help visualize the flow of construction, enabling better understanding of the different available alternatives and schedule/ cost control. BIM enables 5 D simulations for time, resources, constructability, and safety; the result is reduced RFIs (requests for information), reduced cycle times, increased safety for some work tasks, and reduced wastes. The image below represents the linkages between BIM and lean construction Case Study where BIM and Lean Construction Synergy was Successfully Implemented: The Amazon Arena in Brazil In 2014, Brazil was preparing to host the FIFA World Cup and was faced with serious challenges, including having the stadias and facilities ready on schedule. The FIFA World Cup quest was unique in that the tournament would for the first time be held in 12 different host cities spread over a country the size of a whole continent. One striking project was to build the Amazon Arena in the city of Manaus; the stadium would have the capacity of 44500 spectator seats. It was a bold engineering project utilizing several precast elements, a complex roof and facade structure covered with a membrane; it was among the largest construction projects in Brazil. The area has a unique environment characterized by high temperatures and relative humidity. The Design was contracted to the German Office GMP, and incorporates advanced sustainable architecture concepts, including the system for collecting rain water, leadership in energy and environmental design award, and high level reuse, in which 95% of removed/ demolished material in the previous stadium were reused by the contractor. Its metallic structure is complex and one of a kind (Mattos et al., 2017). In planning the stadium construction, factors such as realistic rates of productivity had to be taken into consideration. Skilled professionals were a shortage in the Manaus region and on site schools were opened to prepare various cadres of workers in the construction sector, from masons to equipment operators and carpenters. The distance between Manaus and major centers of construction equipment production, it was decided that precast materials would be used; the project required 67000 cubic meters of concrete. For purposes of planning, the team managing the project and other participants opted to use 4-D BIM where the first phase involved a 3-D illustration of the project in Google Sketch up and ArchiCAD software modules. After that, the team used Microsoft Project to attain the 4th dimension of BIM (where 3-D is used plus Time to attain 4-D). The use of BIM, especially 4-D BIM is still at a nascent stage in Brazil. Using 4-D BIM enabled the team to attain benefits in the project, including better management of logistics, checking accessibility, state of the art design, identification of clashes and interferences, simulation of construction and other scenarios, and viewing work status (construction progress). Further, using BIM enabled the team to generate animation of activities for filed teams instruction. The image below shows how 4-D BIM was used for planning and control (Mattos et al., 2017) The project had serious challenges and tight scope controls, based on the contracts signed between FIFA and the tournament host cities. There had to be compliance with all technical requirements and despite not spending any penny in the projects, FIFA and the COL (local organizing committee) would require changes to the original project at any given time, even if such scope changes result in changes in schedule and project costs. Changes occurred during project detailing, initiated either by FIFA or the COL. For instance, the stadium visibility curve was changed during the execution phase of the project so that the stands could be adapted to new parameters. Advertising signs, for instance had their heights increased to 1m from 0.9 m while distance to field boundary was reduced to 4m from 5m. These may look like small changes, but they are very significant I a project of such magnitude. FIFA determined that all fans must be able to see the ball on the football pitch from a 20 meter he ight (Mattos et al., 2017). These scope changes resulted in significant changes to job quantities and materials requirements as the table below illustrates; The requirement for compliance with LID certification led to further scope changes; these cumulative scope changes had a significant impact on project schedule, cost, and scope. The deadlines were strict and short; the only way the project team, including the designers and contractors could deliver was through the use of value engineering based on BIM and lean construction principles. Value engineering analyses were prepared for negotiating with the host cities, the project owners where innovative technical solutions were used to offset the effects of scope change. The selection of slabs, materials, reinforcement, poles, cranes containment, and drainage systems was done through value engineering based on BIM. The cast in place slabs and beams had to be changed to precast elements, enabling greater flexibility and adaptation during construction. Lean Construction principles were employed in the project because the date of completion could not be changed. The team used the LIE (lean op erational excellence) principles of lean construction so as to significantly reduce wastes and generate a method for managing work processes that was quick and effective. The result was reduced costs and increased productivity; helping offset the major scope and cost changes. Lean production focuses on waste reduction, value addition, and prioritization of activities, with focus being placed on eliminating work considered unnecessary and/ or not adding value. Using LOE, activities of certain tasks were evaluated based on value adding activities, hidden/ necessary wastes, and evident wastes. LC was applied to the precast plant, reinforcing steel plant, the laboratory, and cast in place concrete. These were enhanced through BIM and collaboration as well as high level visualization and simulation of construction processes through BIM. The result was that the project objectives and deliverables were met, being finished in time and within budget, with high quality construction (Mattos et al., 2017); this is a clear case where BIM and LC synergy helped in excellent project execution and management, Conclusion BIM and LC are highly synergistic due several positive interactions between them; BIM makes a direct contribution to lean principles. Lean methods and principles can be facilitated or supported through the use of BIM. BIM based tools and methods can be developed and utilized for the realization of lean objectives; and lean principles facilitate and enhance the introduction of BIM. An example of a real life situation where the synergy between LC and BIM saved the day and helped deliver a major project according to time and cost despite significant scope changes is the construction of the Amazon Arena in Manaus for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, where 4-D BIM was implemented through the use of AutoCAD for 3 -D visualization and MS Project used for the 4th dimension; LC was incorporated to reduce wastes and add value. References Abanda, F., Kamsu-Foguem, B. and Tah, J. (2017). BIM New rules of measurement ontology for construction cost estimation.Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, [online] 20(2), pp.443-459. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098616309156. Ahuja, R., Sawhney, A., Arif, M. (2017). Driving lean and green project outcomes using BIM: A qualitative comparative analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 6(1), 69-80. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.10.006 Arayici, Y., Coates, P., Koskela, L., Kagioglou, M., Usher, C. and O'Reilly, K. (2011). psychology adoption in the BIM implementation for lean architectural practice.Automation in Construction, 20(2), pp.189-195. Atkin, B. and Brooks, A. (2015).Total Facility Management. 1st ed. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, p.340. 'Autodesk Support' (2017). How to successfully send renders from 3ds Max to the A360 Cloud Rendering service | 3ds Max | Autodesk Knowledge Network. [online] Knowledge.autodesk.com. Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/3ds-max/learn-explore/caas/sfdcarticles/sfdcarticles/How-to-successfully-send-renders-from-3ds-Max-to-the-A360-Cloud-Rendering-service.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. 'Autodesk Support' (2018). System requirements for Autodesk Revit 2016 products | Revit Products | Autodesk Knowledge Network. [online] Knowledge.autodesk.com. Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/revit-products/learn-explore/caas/sfdcarticles/sfdcarticles/System-requirements-for-Autodesk-Revit-2016-products.html [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018]. 'Autodesk Knowledge Network'. (2011, May 25). Importing Solidworks into Revit MEP [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://forums.autodesk.com/t5/revit-mep-forum/importing-solidworks-into-revit-mep/td-p/2525833 Azhar, S. (2011). Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 11(3), pp.241-252. Bolpagni, M., Burdi, L., Ciribini, A. L. (2017). Integration of Lean Construction and Building Information Modeling in a Large Client Organization in Massachusetts. 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. doi:10.24928/2017/0311 Broquetas, M. (2017).List of BIM Software Providers. [online] Cad-addict.com. Available at: https://www.cad-addict.com/2010/03/list-of-bim-software-providers.html [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. 'Central Innovation'. (2017). SOLIBRI. Retrieved from https://centralinnovation.com/cad-design-technologies/architectural-design/cad/solibri/ Cheng, T. and Teizer, J. (2013). Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications.Automation in Construction, 34, pp.3-15. 'Construction Specifications Institute' (2013).The CSI construction product representation practice guide. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc., p.235. Duell, R., Hathorn, T. R., Hathorn, T. (2015). Autodesk revit architecture 2016 essentials: autodesk official press. San Francisco, Calif, Sybex. Enache-Pommer, E., Horman, M. J., Messner, J. I., Riley, D. (2010). A Unified Process Approach to Healthcare Project Delivery: Synergies between Greening Strategies, Lean Principles, and BIM. Galiano Garrigo?s, A., Mahdjoubi, L. and Brebbia, C. (2017).Building information modelling (BIM) in design, construction and operations. Southampton, U.K.: WIT Press. Hardin, B. and McCool, D. (2015).BIM and construction management. Indianapolis: John Wiley Sons. Hao, J. (2012). Application of Lean Construction to Chinese Construction Industry Based on BIM Technology. 2012 Second International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization. doi:10.1109/bcgin.2012.19 Holzer, D. (2015). The BIM Manager's Handbook, Part 3: Focus on Technology. Hobeken, NJ: Wiley Howe, M. (2017).Revit 2018 Adds New Features for MEP and Structural Engineers. [online] Engineering.Com. Available at: https://www.engineering.com/BIM/ArticleID/14745/Revit-2018-Adds-New-Features-for-MEP-and-Structural-Engineers.aspx [Accessed 2 Apr. 2018]. Jawadekar, S. (2012).A Case Study of The Use of BIM And Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie) for Facility Management. Masters. Texas AM University. Jiao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Yang, B. and Yuan, L. (2013). A cloud approach to unified lifecycle data management in architecture, engineering, construction and facilities management: Integrating BIMs and SNS.Advanced Engineering Informatics, 27(2), pp.173-188. Kang, T. and Hong, C. (2015). A study on software architecture for effective BIM/GIS-based facility management data integration.Automation in Construction, 54, pp.25-38. Kasprzak, C., Ramesh, A., Dubler, C. (2013). Developing Standards to Assess the Quality of BIM Criteria for Facilities Management. AEI 2013, 3(1), 651-672. doi:10.1061/9780784412909.067 Kassem, M., Kelly, G., Dawood, N., Serginson, M. and Lockley, S. (2015). BIM in facilities management applications: a case study of a large university complex.Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 5(3), pp.261-277. Kensek, K. (2015). BIM Guidelines Inform Facilities Management Databases: A Case Study over Time. Buildings, 5(4), pp.899-916. Lin, Y. and Su, Y. (2013). Developing Mobile- and BIM-Based Integrated Visual Facility Maintenance Management System.The Scientific World Journal, 2013, pp.1-10. Lin, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, W. and Hong, C. (2016). Development of BIM Execution Plan for BIM Model Management during the Pre-Operation Phase: A Case Study.Buildings, 6(1), p.8. Mah, D., Manrique, J., Yu, H., Al?Hussein, M. and Nasseri, R. (2011). House construction CO2 footprint quantification: a BIM approach.Construction Innovation, 11(2), pp.161-178. Mattos, A., Lima, C., Glucia, A. and Fernandes, J. (2017).The management challenges of building a world cup stadium in the Amazon the case of the Amazon arena (Brazil). [ebook] Manaus, BRAZIL: Andrade Gutierrez, Av, pp.2-11. Available at: https://www.icoste.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Management-Challenges-of-Building-a-World-Cup-Stadium-in-the-Amazon.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. McPartland, R. (2016).BS 8536-2:2016 Design and construction : Code of practice for asset management (Linear and geographical infrastructure). [online] NBS. Available at: https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/bs-8536-22016-design-and-construction-code-of-practice-for-asset-management-linear-and-geographical-infrastructure [Accessed 4 Mar. 2018]. Mills, F. (2015).https://www.theb1m.com/video/pas-1192-3-in-4-minutes. [video] Available at: https://PAS-1192-3-in-4-minutes [Accessed 4 Mar. 2018]. Mordue, S., Swaddle, P. and Philp, D. (2015).Building information modeling for dummies. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Motamedi, A., Hammad, A. and Asen, Y. (2014). Knowledge-assisted BIM-based visual analytics for failure root cause detection in facilities management. Automation in Construction, 43, pp.73-83. Prn, E., Edwards, D. and Sing, M. (2017). The building information modelling trajectory in facilities management: A review.Automation in Construction, 75, pp.45-55. Pishdad-Bozorgi, P. (2017). Future Smart Facilities: State-of-the-Art BIM-Enabled Facility Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143(9), p.02517006. Porwal, A. and Hewage, K. (2013). Building Information Modeling (BIM) partnering framework for public construction projects.Automation in Construction, 31, pp.204-214. Qi, E. (2016). Proceedings of the 6th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation: Core Theory and Applications of Industrial Engineering (volume 1). Paris: Atlantis Press. Re-Cecconi, F., Maltese, S., Dejaco, M. C. (2017). Leveraging BIM for digital built environment asset management. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 2, 1-16. Sacks, R., Koskela, L., Dave, B. A. (2010). Interaction of Lean and Building Information Modeling in Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 136, 968-980. Sharp, O. (2017, January 18). IFC for Revit / Discussion / General Discussion:Project Base Point, Survey Point and IFC Origin Elevation .. [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://sourceforge.net/p/ifcexporter/discussion/general/thread/b41ee565/?limit=25 Singh, V., Gu, N. and Wang, X. (2011). A theoretical framework of a BIM-based multi-disciplinary collaboration platform.Automation in Construction, 20(2), pp.134-144. Smith, D. and Tardif, M. (2012). Building Information Modeling: A Strategic Implementation Guide. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Su, Y., Lee, Y. and Lin, Y. (2016).Enhancing Maintenance Management Using Building Information Modeling in Facilities Management. [ebook] Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, pp.752-753. Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC23734.pdf [Accessed 4 Mar. 2018]. Tauriainen, M., Marttinen, P., Dave, B., Koskela, L. (2016). The Effects of BIM and Lean Construction on Design Management Practices. Procedia Engineering, 164, 567-574. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.659 Vaux, S. F. (2016). Delivering value with BIM - a whole-of-life approach. London: Routledge. Xu, X., Ma, L. and Ding, L. (2014). A Framework for BIM-Enabled Life-Cycle Information Management of Construction Project.International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 11(8), p.126.